A History Of Dna Typing And Analysis Criminology Essay

A History Of Dna Typing And Analysis Criminology Essay The revelation of DNA composing has changed the manner in which wrongdoings are explored. DNA proof can be found in blood, tissue, hair, spit, semen, bone, and the rundown goes one and on. Each individual has one of a kind DNA except for indistinguishable twins so having the option to decipher this significant data is inconceivably helpful. Without DNA composing this proof couldn't be tried and deciphered. Numerous criminal cases would go unsolved and individuals who carried out these violations would at present be unpunished for their activities. DNA composing has just been around since the mid 1980s, however has just bigly affected the world. Things being what they are, how did the amazing apparatus come to fruition? DNA composing is the utilization of DNA proof for recognizable proof. The DNA proof found at a wrongdoing scene can either connect an individual to a wrongdoing or it can dispense with them as a suspect. It depends on the perception that the genome of every individual and creature is special. This innovation has just been around since the mid 1980, yet it has just become a fundamental piece of the wrongdoing research centers examination of a wrongdoing. DNA proof can be put away for extensive stretches of time making old cases that were once thought to be unsolvable presently have new leads. Likewise DNA proof can be utilized to excuse unjustly sentenced detainees. DNA composing can be arranged into two classes; limited piece length polymorphisms (RFLP) techniques or Polymerase chain response (PCR) strategies. In 1985 an English geneticist named Alec Jeffreys first depicted DNA composing. Dr. Jeffreys was endeavoring to follow hereditary markers between individuals from a similar family. He was explicitly searching for legacy designs for ailment and ailment. X-beams of scaled down satellite areas of DNA were taken and analyzed. On September 10, 1984 Dr. Jefreys was looking at a few x-beams and saw that the small satellite segment of every individual was one of a kind starting with one individual then onto the next (web.mit). He built up a strategy to gauge the distinction in the length of the DNA successions. This permitted him to perform human character tests. The method Dr. Jeffreys made to look at these variable number of pair rehashes (VNTRs) was called limitation section length polymorphism (RFLP) (Butler). Limitation section length polymorphisms are variety in the length of a stretch of DNA. DNA is cut by limitation compounds and these bits of DNA contain qualities and non-coding DNA. The non-coding DNA is comprised of areas of rehashes of a similar grouping of bases. These numerous areas are known as factor number of couple rehashes (VNTR). To build up a DNA profile-utilizing RFLP is to initially extricate the DNA. At that point cut the DNA into sections by utilizing limitation compounds. When the DNA is cut into parts they are isolated by size utilizing gel electrophoresis. The pieces are then immobilized by moving them into a nylon layer. The parts are recognized and situated by utilizing an answer that contains the ideal tests. To picture the sections requires long presentation to identification framework. This progression includes the tests explicitly authoritative to their correlative VNTR parts. After the arrangement is washed the RFLP profile is imagined (Butler). Numerous wron gdoing research centers received this technique for investigation and utilized it all through the remainder of the 1980s and for the greater part of the 1990s, however there were a few weaknesses to the RFLP examination (Budowle). The procedure takes a ton of time and a great deal of exertion to. An enormous example of un-debased DNA is required to play out the test. The first run through DNA composing was utilized in a criminal case was in 1986. In the town of Narborough in Leicestershire, England two young ladies, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth were explicitly ambushed and killed. The killings were done likewise prompting the doubt that the two cases were associated here and there. One man admitted to the homicide of a young lady, however his DNA didn't coordinate that of the DNA recouped structure semen found at the wrongdoing scenes. Blood was gathered from more the 4000 men from three encompassing towns. The blood test gathered from Colin Pitchfork coordinate the semen from both homicide scenes. He was indicted for the two homicides and was condemned to life in jail (Wambaugh). DNA composing developed from the utilization of Dr. Jeffreys technique for investigation to the utilization of single locus variable number of pair rehashes by RFLP examination. DNA composing at that point moved to the utilization of polymerase chain response (PCR) that was increasingly delicate, simpler to perform, took less time, and can be robotized. In 1983 Kerry Mullis found the polymerase chain response (PCR), which he later won the Nobel piece prize for. This advancement altered legal DNA examination. PCR is utilized to intensify chosen areas of DNA that contains either length or grouping polymorphisms. The DQ-Alpha test was one of the first PCR test to be utilized in wrongdoing research facilities. The DQ-Alpha test was created in 1991 and depended on the distinguishing proof of human leukocyte antigens, which are proteins that have a known grouping. The following advancement was grown later during the 90s with short pair rehashes (STR). Short couple rehashes are somewhat sim ilar to VNTRs, yet with short arrangements that shift from two to six base sets. The benefit of utilizing this strategy is that modest quantities of DNA are required to play out the test (Butler). DNA profiles are likewise helpful in light of the fact that they can be electronically gone into databases. The Combined DNA Index System or CODIS is an assortment of databases of DNA profiles got from proof examples from unsolved violations and from realized people sentenced for specific wrongdoings (Butler). The FBI who administers the database began CODIS in 1998. The fundamental objective of the CODIS framework is to permit nearby and national law requirement research centers to have the option to contrast DNA profiles with one another electronically and to have the option to connect violations to one another. The framework is comprised of three database levels: neighborhood, state, and national levels. The indicted guilty parties list capabilities for presenting an example are dictated by state enactment. Indicted wrongdoer profiles make up the majority of a states database. The legal file is the second most basic passage. Measurable profiles comprise of criminological proof in cases. There principle intention is to created leads in the examination and conceivably associating cases to one another. A few states are required to keep up different files, for example, a presume database The National DNA Index at present contains more the 7,000,000 guilty party profiles and right around 269,000 criminological profiles. CODIS has created more than 90,900 hits and has help settle in excess of 89,600 cases (Butler). DNA investigation has advanced of the previous a quarter century and now it tends to be utilized from numerous points of view. A major manner by which DNA is utilized is in the recognizable proof of people in mass fiascos. One model is the September eleventh assaults on the World Trade Centers. DNA was gathered from the bone and tissue the obscure bodies, put into a database, and contrasted and reference tests that were gathered. Just 1585 of the 2792 realized passings have been recognized, however the database was revived in 2007 and further examinations are going on. Another push to recognize obscure casualties in the DNA Shoah Project, which is a database of relatives of individuals who were in the Holocaust. The principle exertion of the database is to rejoin families who were isolated and help distinguish covered Holocaust casualties. DNA examination isnt simply utilized in explaining criminal cases or distinguishing obscure individuals, it is likewise used to check and check wh ether something is bona fide. The National Football League utilizes DNA innovation to check balls utilized in the Super Bowl to guarantee legitimacy and stop fake product. The football is set apart with an undetectable strand of manufactured DNA that can be perused by a unique laser. A comparable thing happened in the 2000 Olympic games. DNA was taken from obscure competitors and added to ink that was utilized imprint the entirety of the authority Olympic rigging (DNA Forensics). Without this astounding instrument a large number of the criminal examinations going on right presently would go unsolved. As indicated by Locards Exchange Principle each time an individual enters any sort of condition something is deserted and something is removed. This implies each time a criminal enters a wrongdoing scene proof is abandoned and proof is removed. A model is a criminal deserts fingerprints, bits of hair, or semen behind at the wrongdoing scene. The wrongdoer likewise removes hair and conceivable blood from the casualty on his garments or shoes. Without DNA composing this proof would not have the option to be connected to the wrongdoing scene. There have likewise been a few cases were DNA proof has been utilized to acquit the improperly blamed. As the innovation turns out to be further developed and new techniques for testing DNA are being made DNA composing will keep on changing the manner in which criminal examinations are fathomed just as the formation of all the more new and energizing ways DNA can be utilized. DNA Typing Timeline 1980-Ray White portrays first polymorphic RFLP marker. 1985 Alec Jeffreys creates multi-locus RFLP tests 1986-DNA testing opens up to the world about cell imprint and life codes in United States. 1988-FBI starts DNA casework with single-locus RFLP tests. 1989-TWGDAM built up; NY v. Castro case raises issues over quality affirmation of labs 1990-populace measurements utilized with RFLP techniques are addressed; PCR strategies start with DQA1. 1991-Fluorescent STR markers originally portrayed; Chelex extraction. 1992-NRC 1 report; FBI begins casework with PCR-DQA1. 1993-First STR unit accessible; sex composing (amelogenin) created. 1994-Congress approves cash for updating state criminological labs; DNA wars announced over; FBI begins casework with PCR-PM 1995-O.J. Simpson adventure makes open progressively mindful of DNA; DNA Advisory Board arrangement; UK DNA Database set up; FBI begins utilizing 1S80/amelogenin. 1996-NRC Þâ Report; FBI begins mtDNA testing; firs

Youll Need This Trait to Find Professional Success

Youll Need This Trait to Find Professional Success Ever wonder what the key to profession achievement is? The bringing together factor basic to the entirety of the best individuals? That exceptional additional thing? You presumably have it or you don’t. Sound inauspicious? At any rate it’s not some extravagant instruction or difficult to-obtain aptitude. It turns out you can compensate for a ton that you don’t have en route, however there’s one thing that, in the event that you have it, you’ll be in the best situation to succeed.What is that thing? It isn’t extraordinary knowledge. It isn’t pedigree.It’s coarseness. Would you be able to concentrate in on an energy and not stop until you make progress? At that point you’ve got it, the main pointer of elite and long haul achievement with a significantly more noteworthy consistency for progress than high IQ.Freaking out pondering whether you have this characteristic? Don’t stress. Here are a couple of building squares of ‘grit’ as a thing you may have the option to all the more likely develop in yourself while you’re still right off the bat in your career.A clear goalDetermination-regardless of the amount others question youConfidence in yourselfâ while you’re making sense of your trajectoryHumbleness-enough to be set up for things to not come easilyPersistence despite fearPatience and adaptability enough to explore deterrents and blocks without getting disappointed or giving upA code-an ethical compass, and the honesty to tail it at all costsOpenness-having the option to interface and work together with others, and perceiving that tolerant assistance doesn't rise to shortcoming, however strengthGratitude-enough to value the excursion, not simply keep your insane eyes on the destinationAppreciation of othersLoyaltyInner strengthThese things probably won't be effectively educated, yet they can be sharpened. There’s even a quantifiable Grit Scale with a test crea ted by University of Pennsylvania scientists. Take their poll and recollect: you don’t must be a trust-support child or a brainiac or a too appealling attractive character to succeed uncontrollably. You may very well need coarseness.

IDENTITY THEFT CAN AFFECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fraud CAN AFFECT - Research Paper Example During 2012, in excess of 12 million detailed being casualties of personality extortion in America. The number indicated an expansion from that announced in 2011 and 2010: the figures revealed were USD 11.6 and 10.2 million individually (Javelin Strategy and Research, 2013). The normal expenses brought about by the casualties of wholesale fraud were USD 365 (Javelin Strategy and Research, 2013). This paper will investigate the development of data fraud, its consequences for people and the more extensive network and the sorts of wholesale fraud. The issue of data fraud and character misrepresentation is declined by the absence of digital outskirts and the expansion in globalization, which make it workable for personality criminals to carry out wrongdoings inside and outside the fringes of the US. The commission of these wrongdoings inside and outside the nation makes crafted by exploring them progressively troublesome. The way that the lawbreakers have various personalities and furthermore the way that they may utilize systems to participate in the violations likewise challenges the analytical job of law authorization authorities (Finklea, 2013). Also, data fraud is regularly associated and perpetrated pair with different wrongdoings, going from bank misrepresentation, charge card robbery and work and movement extortion. All the more critically, it is important to consider that the effects of data fraud and extortion felt by organizations and people are constrained to budgetary weights, yet additionally other significant territories (Javelin Strategy and Research, 2013). For instance, in surveying the national effects felt by the US, note that wholesale fraud and the related violations influence the soundness of the national economy and furthermore the security of the country. It is important to consider that, much of the time, approach creators have contrasted over the job of the central government in forestalling the wrongdoing, alleviating its belongings, giving the best

Emotional And Emotional Effects Of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence, or as Daigle calls it, intimate partner violence, comes in different forms. One of these forms is intimate terrorism, which involves severe, persistent and frequent abuse that tends to get worse as time goes on. The abusive partner needs to feel like he or she has the power and control of the relationship. This type of intimate partner violence is likely to result in serious injury, the worst of which is death. Another kind of intimate partner violence is situational couple violence, also known as common couple violence. The couple will get into an argument, it will blow up and get out of control, and it will end with violence. These arguments do not usually start out violent; instead, these arguments are over every day things that a lot of couples argue about, like money. Although this form does not typically result in anyone getting seriously injured, it is likely to result in psychological and emotional damage over time. The third form is called violent resistan ce. In this form, the person may be violent, but he or she is not controlling of their partner. Their partner on the other hand, may be both violent and controlling. This is not a good mix. The last form is mutual violent control. In this form, both partners are both violent and controlling. Two people together like that can be deadly. So what do we consider an intimate partner? An intimate partner is a husband or wife, a girlfriend or boyfriend, an ex-husband or ex-wife, or even just someoneShow MoreRelatedPsychological And Emotional Effects Of Domestic Violence986 Words   |  4 Pagescases, they are killed by a family member or intimate partner. Domestic violence is typically the aggressive or violent behavior in a household that involves the physical abuse of a spouse or partner. Physical abuse is one of the major ways men control the behavior of women. More than 4 million women experience physical assault and rape by their partners. The abuser may also do other acts of violenc e such as psychological and/or emotional abuse that includes intimidation, threats, isolations and etcRead MoreDomestic Violence : Violence Between Adult Intimate Partners1632 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence Introduction Domestic Violence isn t just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional mean argument. It s a chronic abuse of power. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation, and physical violence. Actual physical violence is often the end result of months or years of intimidation and control. Defining the problem: Domestic violence is violence between adult intimate partners. Though the definition above seems simple enough (it is widely acceptedRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Crisis1171 Words   |  5 Pageswith our eyes closed towards the crisis of domestic violence. A study done showed that every nine seconds a women is beaten or assaulted (â€Å"Statistics†). The time that it has taken you to read to this point is the time it has taken for a women to be hit by this crisis. Yet, so many think that the concern for domestic violence is over-exaggerated. Many think that there are so many other epidemics going on that should take precedence over domestic violence. Besides worrying about these epidemics, itRead MoreAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the Un ited States† (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violenceRead MoreEmotional And Emotional Domestic Violence993 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Domestic Violence Eric Easter American Military University â€Æ' Emotional Domestic Violence Abstract Emotional abuse includes non-physical behaviors like threats, insults, constant observance or checking in,† excessive texting, humiliation, intimidation, isolation or stalking. Several program define emotional domestic violence from verbal to physical abuse. The discovery we tend to created is that the key to a successful outcome with abusive relationships is recognizing the psychopathologyRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Substance Abuse1546 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic abuse and substance in a family can traumatize any children going through this outbreak. Spouses, parents, stepparents, children, siblings, elderly relatives, and intimate partners may all be targets of domestic/substance abuse. Domestic violence is the most risk factor impacting a child’s social, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Violence, aggression, and substance abuse between members of the family have been continued patterns of family life. I want to see the outcome of how childrenRead MoreDomestic Ab use Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesChild and domestic abuse is a serious matter which needs to have additional focus, especially in this day and age. Abuse is most often causes harm to others. Abuse may either be verbal, emotional, or physical or times all three. In today’s society there are many different types of abuse including, physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and neglect. All these types of abuse can affect people in multiple different ways, creating anywhere from short term to long term notable effects in the personRead MoreLong-Term Consequences of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence948 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence Abstract: Domestic violence effects everybody in a family. Patterns of abuse from one parent to another, between both parents or directed toward a child all have a composite effect of inflicting potentially severe emotional damage upon the child. The research outlined here identifies domestic violence as a serious sociological problem and consequently provides a usable definition of domestic violence for the present study. This is followedRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children By Taralyn Dean SW 8570 March 11, 2015 Introduction Today this paper will be exploring the affects of intimate partner domestic violence and how this impacts the children. The children of theses situations are the bystanders of these physical and emotional events. This paper will review in depth what other professionals are saying about the children of the domestic violence relationships and also the findings andRead MoreThe Effects Of Intimate Partner Violence On Children Essay811 Words   |  4 Pages The effects of intimate partner violence are attenuating and extend far beyond physical scarring. The abuse of woman and children has been researched extensively by Rachel Pain (2014, p. 536) as acts of â€Å"terrorism within the home†. If we are to compare the experience of women and children living in violent homes and the act of ‘terrorism’ itself we get a corresponding experience (Pain, 2014, p. 546). The construction of fear, the loss of identity, the ongoing distress of constantly feeling unsafe

Risk Management Of Acne Corporations Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Risk Management Of Acne Corporations. Answer: It is not possible to categorize all the 100 risks that can come to the Acne Corporations. There are many possibilities of risk that can come in an organization. All the risk that comes in an organization arises from different aspects. The risks that can come are internal as well as external risks. All the risks that an organization faces cannot be detected beforehand. Risks come as the process or service of the organization continues (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). The possibilities of risks occurrence and the number of risks that are expected to come cannot be predicted accurately as 100 risks because number of risks that the corporation faces cannot be determined before starting the process or services. Acne Corporation is launching a new product in the market. So it can plan all the possibilities of types of risks in the life cycle phases, but accurately what risks can come in Acne Corporation cannot be predicted. Methodology ofProject Management is needed in a company to promote delivery of the quality of products that are needed by the customers and the results of the project which are to be completed within the budget and on time (Kerzner, 2013). The methodology ofproject management gives standard guidelines and methods so that they can ensure the project they are handling are running in a smooth way and project has consistent manner, is well disciplined and also well managed. The methodology mainly recognizes the proper approach to lead the project in an effective way by proper planning and controls all the processes in an efficient way.Project management also can reduce the risk that comes in Acne Corporation (Schwalbe, 2015). Planning with all the problems that can cause risk or damage to project can be mitigated by risk management processes. The future of anything cannot be predicted with certainty. Only a structured of techniques that can manage risks can be included in the risk manage ment structure. The risk management structure can help to mitigate risks in an organization. The likelihood of the completing the project successfully is mainly improved by formal risk management. The risk management reduces the negative consequences of risks that are negative which cannot be avoided in any other way (Cohen, Krishnamoorthy Wright, 2017). Emphasis is specially given to the risk level qualification and the quantification of risk. Risk management in process management is a continuous process. In risk management all the new risks are identified and others risks are monitored. One major input of risk management is the impact analysis from process of change management. In all the life cycle phases of project management, the planning phase mainly mitigates all the risks that are related to the risk management. All the risks management techniques are involved in the planning phase of life cycle process. Before the prototyping, it is not possible to know any of the risks that may come in Acne Corporations. The risks that come in a project include identification of all the risks that are potential and also evaluation of potential impact of risks. The risk can only be predicted but cannot precisely be accurate about the number of risks that the project can face. The plan for risk mitigation is mainly designed to minimize all the impacts of risk events which are negative related to the project. According to the predicted risks, mitigation techniques to eliminate those risks can be included in risk management. So, to know the outcomes and the probabilities of risks that may arise in Acne Corporation, the company has to wait until the prototyping phase. References Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G., Wright, A. (2017). Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors.Contemporary Accounting Research,34(2), 1178-1209. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press.

Workplace Conflict Resolution an Example by

Workplace Conflict Resolution Conflicts between employees are not an uncommon thing in any organization, but how one addresses these conflicts that will take it from destructive to constructive. This implies that the success of any organization depends on its ability to resolve conflicts in the workplace. Proper outlined strategies and techniques in resolving conflicts increases productivity, and it is possible to meet the companys goals and objectives. Actively participating in conflict resolution prepares employees to be able to detect future problems and avoid hearings in court. This paper will be based on a case study, where strategies to identify problems will aid one come up with suitable techniques to effectively manage workplace conflicts. It is important to note that workplace conflict resolution often takes a non-rational approach (Kolb and Bartunek, 1992, p. 20). Need essay sample on "Workplace Conflict Resolution" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab support: SOS! I require that type essay completed immediately. I'm prepared to give money for it! Go To The Order Section And Prepare Yourself To Be Amazed Writing Services Review Essays For Money Academic Paper Writing Services Academic Writing Services Mr. X is the manager of a Public Relations firm that deals with advertising, marketing and consultation services to its clients. His management style requires his employees to be liberal and comfortable at the work place, a strategy he believes will increase productivity. Miss Y is an employee who works at the firm. She is very likeable, professional and a people person. What she does, she gives it her best. Because of this, most clients prefer to come to the firm because they trust to get expert advice on their PR questions and get good results from her. Miss Y began coming late to work by 5 or 10 minutes. This did not please Mr. X and he politely asked her to keep time. But she continued to do so for almost one week, giving excuses everyday and saying she would try to be early the next day which she never was. One day, Miss Y sat on her desk and was mailing the whole day, not giving clients any interest. This was not a tenet in the organization. Employees were not to sit on their desks when clients were waiting to be served, unless they were designing advertisements or searching for ideas before a meeting with the manager. When Mr. X saw this, he reminded her that she was not supposed to sit on her desk while on the clock she was to seat on the customer care desk. Miss Y retorted saying that she was being paid less for the effort she was putting in for the company, and she had to walk everyday to work. Let me be at least for once! Mr. X went back to his office stunned, not knowing what to tell her because she was still chatting on her computer. The challenge faced by Mr. X is that his management strategy is at odds with his leadership challenges. His employee is good and he cannot imagine hiring someone else, and training the person, who is unlikely to match Miss Ys technical and people skills. Nevertheless, he is not supposed to allow each employee to work under their own set of tenets. Mr. X also feels that he was humiliated by Miss Ys rude response. The areas to brainstorm in such a case include personality style recognition, how it would help the situation. Miss Y has to realize that Mr. X has his way of managing his employees and should appreciate it as an employee. Second is what Mr. X can do to create a win/win situation. This calls for compromise of both parties and understanding. The third important aspect is on Miss Y, who has to think of what to change in her behavior and attitude in order to appease her boss Mr. X and to retain her job. The fourth and last aspect is on both of them to think of what they can do, to avoid similar clashes in future. This will help in keeping and respecting the ethics of the work place on Miss Ys part. The solution of this problem lies within the following approaches; First, Mr. X as the manager should know that if managed in the wrong way, the conflict could go out of control, co-operation could break down and the goals and objectives of the firm would be threatened. He should have summoned Miss Y. to his office and try to solve the conflict amicably; the conflict could be a mutual problem that could be sorted out through discussion and negotiation. Because of his involvement in the conflict, he should emphasize that he was presenting his own perception of this problem and that he would also want to hear Miss Ys perception. He should also ensure that while he talks, he should be assertive rather than submissive. This strategy is called setting the scene. The second strategy is to Brainstorm possible solutions, this is to ensure that everyone is satisfied with the solution. The ideas should be very open. Finally, the last strategy involves negotiating a solution, by now, both sides have a better understanding of the position of the other and mutual agreement is clear. In situations where there could be differences between Mr. X and Miss Y on their positions, Mr. X would practice the win-win negotiation as the manager, to find a solution that satisfies both of them. In conclusion, it is clear that emotions form part of the crucial steps in resolving of conflicts. When doing conflict evaluation and resolution, emotions of both parties are crucial to note because they could act as signals that one needs to intercede. Having greater self-awareness and avoiding impulse reaction, has achieved a clear margin in the prevention of conflict that is destructive. References Bartunek, J. M., Kolb, D. M., Lewicki, R. J. (1992) "Bringing Conflict Out From Behind the Scenes", in Hidden Conflict in Organizations. Bartunek, J. M., Kolb, D. M., (Eds). London: SAGE Publications.

Do Insects Hibernate in the Winter

Do Insects Hibernate in the Winter An insect doesn’t have the benefit of body fat, like bears and groundhogs, to survive freezing temperatures and keep internal fluids from turning to ice. Like all ectotherms, insects need a way to cope with fluctuating temperatures in their environment. But do insects hibernate? In a very general sense, hibernation refers to the state in which animals pass the winter.1 Hibernation suggests the animal is in a dormant state, with its metabolism slowed and reproduction paused. Insects dont necessarily hibernate the way warm-blooded animals do. But because the availability of host plants and food sources are limited during the winter in cold regions, insects do suspend their usual activities and enter a dormant state. So how do insects survive the cold winter months? Different insects use different strategies to avoid freezing to death when the temperature falls. Some insects employ a combination of strategies to survive the winter. Migration When it gets cold, leave! Some insects head to warmer climes, or at least better conditions, when winter weather approaches. The most famous migrating insect is the monarch butterfly. Monarchs in the eastern U.S. and Canada fly up to 2,000 miles to spend their winter in Mexico. Many other butterflies and moths also migrate seasonally, including the gulf fritillary, the painted lady, the black cutworm, and fall armyworm. Common green darners, dragonflies that inhabit ponds and lakes as far north as Canada, migrate as well. Communal Living When it gets cold, huddle up! There’s warmth in numbers for some insects. Honey bees cluster together as the temperatures drop, and use their collective body heat to keep themselves and the brood warm. Ants and termites head below the frost line, where their large numbers and stored food keep them comfortable until spring arrives. Several insects are known for their cool weather aggregations. Convergent lady beetles, for example, gather en masse on rocks or branches during spells of cold weather. Indoor Living When it gets cold, move inside! Much to the displeasure of homeowners, some insects seek shelter in the warmth of human dwellings when winter approaches. Each fall, peoples houses are invaded by box elder bugs, Asian multicolored lady beetles, brown marmorated stink bugs, and others. While these insects rarely cause damage indoors – theyre just looking for a cozy place to wait out the winter – they may release foul-smelling substances when threatened by a homeowner trying to evict them. Torpor When it gets cold, stay still! Certain insects, particularly ones that live in higher altitudes or near the Earth’s poles, use a state of torpor to survive drops in temperature. Torpor is a temporary state of suspension or sleep, during which the insect is completely immobile. The New Zealand weta, for example, is a flightless cricket that lives in high altitudes. When temperatures drop in the evening, the cricket freezes solid. As daylight warms the weta, it comes out of the torpid state and resumes activity. Diapause When it gets cold, rest! Unlike torpor, diapause is a long-term state of suspension. Diapause synchronizes the insect’s life cycle with seasonal changes in its environment, including winter conditions. Put simply, if it’s too cold to fly and there’s nothing to eat, you might as well take a break (or pause). Insect diapause may occur in any stage of development: Eggs – Praying mantids survive the winter as eggs, which emerge in spring.Larvae – Woolly bear caterpillars curl up in thick layers of leaf litter for winter. In spring, they spin their cocoons.Pupa – Black swallowtails spend winter as chrysalids, emerging as butterflies when warm weather returns.Adults – Mourning cloak butterflies hibernate as adults for the winter, tucking themselves behind loose bark or in tree cavities. Antifreeze When it gets cold, lower your freezing point! Many insects prepare for the cold by making their own antifreeze. During the fall, insects produce glycerol, which increases in the hemolymph. Glycerol gives the insect body â€Å"supercooling† ability, allowing body fluids to drop below freezing points without causing ice damage. Glycerol also lowers the freezing point, making insects more cold-tolerant, and protects tissues and cells from damage during icy conditions in the environment. In spring, glycerol levels drop again. References 1 Definition from Hibernation, by Richard E. Lee, Jr., Miami University of Ohio. Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition, edited by Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde.

Developing leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing leadership - Essay Example With the field of information technology changing rapidly, it is going to necessitate organizations to increase their reliance in technology in the future. This can be done through strategy although it is clear that the changing technologies shall compel organizations to change. Organizations have to invest in cutting edge technology for them to remain relevant. Organizational analysts have been using their domain knowledge to develop business models (Hesselbein & Goldsmith 2009). These models are made up of individual, departmental tasks. With growing information technology, architects shall be forced to assemble services and use workflow to automate executions at a faster rate in the coming years. The current trends show that resultant businesses in organizations shall be automated to a large extent. All the organizational employees and workers shall be compelled to use common vocabulary to collaborate and describe most of the organizational processes due to the impact of the comin g technologies. Forecast shows that it shall be a vital requirement for organizational workers to have more than the basic information technology skills (Yadav & Prabhu 2007). Going by the current trend, it shall be decisive for employees to have professional information technology skills in their own organizational portfolios (Rasmus & Salkowitz 2009). The chief executive offices have to use specialized software, which is customized, for the organization and equipped to monitor all the processes in the organizations. Information technology experts shall have to dwell much on developing software and hardware that can deliver (Prasad 2010). They shall also be involved in monitoring various aspects of the functionality of their product once it is deployed. The information technology firms shall be interested in improving these installations (Rasmus & Salkowitz 2009). Organizational processes shall need software and expertise for future survival. This shall constitute the concept of organizational proc esses management. Future corporate leaders: The leadership of organizations shall have to build on top of information technology basics. The future challenge of organizational leaders is to acknowledge that organizations will be run through linking individual, business tasks to develop a valuable product (Hesselbein & Goldsmith 2009). This will not necessarily take thousands of employees. It is likely that some future organizations shall outsource professional information technology services to improve quality and speed. Outsourcing is not a new concept in running of organizations (Buchen 2011). However, the need for specialized information technology skills to give multinationals a competitive advantage is set to rise. A telling example is sum sang group of companies. In South Korea, the elderly are adored according to corporate culture. However, the outgoing chief executive officer of Samsung group of companies has recommended a young successor. In a statement, he thought that, fo r the company to remain competitive in the dynamic market, it has to give room to leaders who are able to understand technology. Indeed age and gender prejudice has been associated with organizational leadership for decades (Chandna & Krishnan 2009). The youths have been kept out of leadership until the rise of the technological phenomenon. Organizations in the future shall have to depend on information techn

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Analysis - Essay Example Thoreau’s character is discernible from his ability as a writer and philosopher. His principles were strong enough for him to accept a jail term without resistance. As a result, his concept associates with the willingness to suffer, and it manages to transcend through generations. In Thoreau’s opinion, life is about cooperating with good deeds and ensuring that the society is led in a justified manner. Concerning leadership, he asserts, "That government is best which governs least" (Thoreau). He believes that governments are not necessary because they are sometimes, inadvisable. This is evident in the present societal context where governments are oppressive. It is necessary to prioritize right over wrong. One’s conscience must be over the laws that govern a territory. For instance, the laws on slavery were quite oppressive for many slaves, but some White settlers nevertheless encouraged slavery because of the existing policies. According to Thoreau, people should not follow the law if it undermines their dignity. Although evil is unavoidable, one should not indulge or be part of the evil. Thoreau demonstrated this when he refused to pay taxes in rebellion to the tyrannical government (Gross 11). In the present society, the United States engages in war, for instance, the war in Afghanistan. Thoreau sees this as an oppressive process that signifies an unjust government that performs evil actions, even on powerless members in the society. Thoreau confirms that there is no use of reforms in government institutions. Despite the change of regimes and election processes, little change occurs within political circles, and the populace fails to enjoy the accompanying advantages that come with change. Thoreau ideologically distanced himself from the government and its related institutions because of its greed. This is evident in the present society in

Positive Social Change Essay Example for Free

Positive Social Change Essay Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a type of research that involves all parties who are considered relevant in the issue in examining together current action- considered as the source of the problem, for the promotion of change and improvement of such current situation. It is not the type of research that precedes future actions. It is an action which is researched, changed and re-researched, a continuing process by and for its participants. It may not be used by one group of people for their own benefit versus other groups that are also involved in the issue. It is genuinely democratic by nature and is non-coercive. The people who the research aims to help are also active participants to the research process (Wadsworth, 1998). Action research or participatory action research for the past few years has come out to be a significant methodology for intervention and developmental change programs within different communities and groups. It has been implemented and promoted by many agencies and programs, also by countless local community organizations around the globe which attests to its effectiveness (Checkland Howell, 1998). The many theories and research in social psychology, such as action research, among others, that put all theories into practice has certainly effected positive change. They have helped in ascertaining reasons behind the surfacing of various problems- whether it be on the individual or societal level. Knowing the source or sources of the problems and the factors that come into play has helped in coming up with feasible solutions to such through intervention methods or coming up with community programs. There have been changes in the type of methods employed in social psychology research as the years go by. From seeing participants in research as the â€Å"other†, a â€Å"subject† which is reminiscent of scientific research methods, as gleaned above in the definition of Active Participatory Research, there comes a shift in the treatment of participants in the study as not merely passive subjects/objects but as co-researchers themselves. This has been seen to yield a richer understanding of the issues at hand and provides for easier enactment of proposed intervention programs. As such, it is my belief that future research in social psychology would veer towards this direction due to its effectiveness in pinpointing specific problem areas and formulating innovative solutions to such. This social psychology course has made an impact in my life in many ways. Studying theories and methods on human behavior has helped me become more aware of my own behavior and how it affects others. Knowing the detriment that my behavior may cause gives me the ability to slowly change my approach in interacting with others so as I will be able to have a more harmonious relationship with everyone around me. That said, this course in Social Psychology has not only helped me understand the world around me, but myself as well, that may yield positive changes not only in my life, but that of others’ around me as well. REFERENCE LIST Wadsworth, Y. (1998). What is Participatory Action Research? Australia: Institute of Workplace Research, Learning and Development, Southern Cross University Press. Checkland, P. , Holwell, S. (1998). Action Research: Its Nature and Validity. Systemic Practice and Action Research, Volume 11, (Issue 1, Feb), p 9-21. Jenner, E. A. , Watson, P. W. B. , Miller, L. , Jones, F. , Scott, G. M. (2002). Explaining hand hygiene practice: an extended application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Psychology, Health Medicine, 7(3), 311-326.

The Impact Of The Internet On Communication Essay -- Networks Telecomm

The Impact of the Internet on Communication The internet has revolutionized all forms of communication since the beginning of its existence. The world has now become ‘smaller' or more like a ‘global village', so to speak. The internet was first used by the U.S military for communications purposes. The internet, from the communication point of view, has brought on new developments and techniques to keep in touch not only for individuals, but for businesses as well. An example of how the internet has impacted communication would be an example of doctors now communicating through live video feeds via the internet with patients or other doctors to diagnose patients or to even guide and advise surgeons through complicated procedures. Email Email (electronic mail) was one of the biggest breakthroughs in communication when the internet was commercialized. With email, it became possible to send messages and letters across the world in a matter of seconds to the recipients address. Email was used as an alternative to conventional mail or ‘snail' mail, as the term was introduced to describe its speed. As technology improved, it became possible to ‘attach' documents, photographs and even sound clips or songs to emails which made mail by post redundant. Emails used packet switching software whereby the email was broken down into ‘packets' and sent via the internet to the recipient. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Internet Voice, also known as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make regular telephone calls using a dial up or broadband internet connection instead of a regular phone line. Some services using VoIP may only allow you to call other people using the same service, bu... ...ely in real-time. When logged into a chat session, you "converse" by typing messages that are instantly sent to other chat participants. One of the most popular IRC programs is ‘mIRC'. P2P technically stands for "peer-to-peer." A peer-to-peer architecture allows hardware or software to function on a network without the need for central servers. The person connects directly to his or her peer through a dedicated connection where no one else can interfere. An example of P2P chat clients are MSN Messenger and Yahoo Messenger. These P2P clients make chatting user-friendly and interesting as there are options for a web cam or an audio conversation, and options to transfer files from one peer to another. The use of emoticons makes the conversation either more real or more fun. Bibliography www.google.com www.fcc.gov www.askjeeves.com www.about.com www.mirc.com

Chapter 12: Setting Product Strategy

Chapter 12: Setting Product Strategy GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Marketing planning begins with the formulation of an offering to ________ target customers’ needs or wants. a. undermine b. meet c. capture d. compete with e. comprehend Answer: bPage: 318Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 2. The customer will judge the offering by three basis elements: ________, services mix and quality, and price. a. performance b. salespeople c. price d. product features and quality e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 318Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 3.The five product levels constitute a ________. At each level more customer value is added. a. customer-augmented product b. customer consumption system c. customer value-hierarchy d. customer-perceived value e. customer hierarchy Answer: cPage: 318Difficulty: Medium4. When companies search for new ways to satisfy customers and distinguish their offering from others, they look at the ________ product, which encompasses all the possible augmentations and transformations of the product. a. consumption system b. expected c. potential d. augmented e. basic Answer: cPage: 318Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills5. The way the user performs the tasks of getting and using products and related services is the user’s total ________. a. consumption system b. consumable system c. consistent use system d. augmented system e. none of the above Answer: aPage: 319Difficulty: Medium6. Marketers have traditionally classified products on the basis of three characteristics: ________, tangibili ty, and use. a. customer value hierarchy b. expected c. augmented d. durability e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 319Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills7. ________ are tangible goods that normally survive many uses. a. Nondurable goods . Durable goods c. Services d. Consumption systems e. Potential products Answer: bPage: 319Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills8. Because ________ are purchased frequently, marketers should make them available in many locations, charge only a small markup, and advertise heavily to induce trial and build preference. a. nondurable goods b. durable goods c. services d. consumption systems e. potential products Answer: aPage: 319Difficulty: Medium9. The consumer usually purchases ________ frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of effort. a. specialty goods b. shopping goods c. â€Å"must haves† goods . personal goods e. convenience goods Answer: ePage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills10. It was sunny when Jenny went to clas s, but by the time class was over it was raining heavily, so Jenny stopped by the student store to buy an umbrella before she walked back to her dorm. In this case, the umbrella is an example of a(n) ________. a. impulse good b. staple c. homogeneous shopping good d. emergency good e. heterogeneous shopping good Answer: dPage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills11. ________ are similar in quality but different enough in price to justify shopping comparisons. . Emergency goods b. Homogeneous shopping goods c. Heterogeneous shopping goods d. Specialty goods e. Impulse goods Answer: bPage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking12. Products such as insurance, cemetery plots, and smoke detectors are examples of ________ that are products that the consumer does not know about or does not normally think of buying. a. specialty goods b. unsought goods c. heterogeneous shopping goods d. homogeneous shopping goods e. none of the above Answer: bPage: 320Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking13.Industrial goods can be classified as ________, capital items, or suppliers and business services based on their costliness and how they enter the production process. a. service components b. subassemblies c. pieces and parts d. specialty goods e. materials and parts Answer: ePage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills14. ________ are the major factors influencing the selection of suppliers for natural products. a. Price and delivery reliability b. Product features and customization c. Price and customization d. Delivery reliability and product features e. Customization and delivery reliabilityAnswer: aPage: 321Difficulty: Medium15. Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished product. They include two groups: installations and ________. a. natural products b. component materials c. operating supplies d. equipment e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 321Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking16. Supplies and b usiness services are short-term goods and services that facilitate ________ or managing the finished product. a. inspecting b. developing c. building d. creating e. none of the above Answer: bPage: 321Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking17. Many products can be differentiated in terms of their ________,—size, shape, or physical structure. a. form b. performance quality c. conformance quality d. reliability e. design Answer: aPage: 321Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills18. Most products can be offered with varying ________ that supplement its basic function. a. reliability b. conformance qualities c. features d. forms e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 322Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking19. ________ is the ability of a company to prepare on a mass basis individually designed products, services, programs, and communications. . Mass customization b. Feature fatigue c. Performance quality d. Conformance quality e. Repairability Answer: aPage: 322Difficulty: Me diumAACSB: Analytic Skills20. ________ is the level at which the product’s primary characteristics operate. a. Design b. Conformance quality c. Reparability d. Performance quality e. Durability Answer: dPage: 322Difficulty: Easy21. Buyers expect products to have a high ________, which is the degree to which all the produced units are identical and meet the promised specifications. a. durability b. reliability c. conformance quality d. form e. performance quality Answer: cPage: 323Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills22. ________ describes the product’s look and feel to the buyer; it has an advantage of creating distinctiveness that is difficult to copy. a. Design b. Style c. Durability d. Conformance e. None of the above Answer: bPage: 323Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills23. Ideal ________ would exist if users could fix the product themselves with little cost in money or time. a. durability b. reliability c. style d. design e. repairability Answer: ePage: 323Di fficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking24. In increasingly fast-paced markets, price and technology are not enough. _______ is the factor that will often give a company its competitive edge and is defined as the totality of features that affect how a product looks, feels, and functions in terms of customer requirements. a. Services b. Performance c. Reliability d. Style e. Design Answer: ePage: 325Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking25. When the physical product cannot be easily differentiated, the key to competitive success may lie in adding valued services and improving their quality. The main service differentiators are ordering ease, delivery, installation, ________, customer consulting, maintenance, and repair. . customer limiting b. customer orders c. niche marketing d. customer training e. customer marketing Answer: dPage: 326Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills26. Delivery refers to how well the product or service is brought to the customer. It includes speed, ___ _____, and care throughout the delivery process. a. length of time for delivery b. type of delivery services c. attributes d. completeness e. accuracy Answer: ePage: 326Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills27. ________ refers to training the customer’s employees to use the vendor’s equipment properly and efficiently. a. Customer training . Internal marketing c. Client marketing d. Customer relationships e. Technical training Answer: aPage: 326Difficulty: Easy28. ________ refers to data, information systems, and advice services that the seller offers to their buyers. a. Sales force relationships b. Customer relationships c. Internal marketing d. Customer training e. Customer consulting Answer: ePage: 326Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills29. Differentiating on ________ is important for companies with complex products and becomes an especially good selling point when targeting technology novices. a. delivery b. ordering ease c. ase of installation d. customer consult ing e. repairability Answer: cPage: 326Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking30. ________ describes the service program for helping customers keep purchased products in good working order. a. Returns b. Ordering ease c. Installation d. Maintenance and repair e. Delivery Answer: dPage: 327Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking31. Improved handling or storage, better packaging, and improved transportation and forward logistics are methods for reducing ________. a. installation b. uncontrollable returns c. controllable returns d. product families e. ustomer consulting Answer: cPage: 328Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking32. A group of products within a product class that are closely related because they perform a similar function, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same outlets or channels, or fall within given price ranges is known as a ________. a. product type b. product class c. need family d. product variant e. product line Answer: eP age: 328Difficulty: Medium33. A(n) ________ is defined as a distinct unit within a brand or product line distinguishable by size, price, appearance, or some other attribute. . stockkeeping unit b. UPC (uniform product code) c. stock unit d. product type e. none of the above Answer: aPage: 328Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills34. A ________ is the set of all products and items a particular seller offers for sale. a. product line b. product mix c. family of products d. product system e. product class Answer: bPage: 328Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills35. The ________ of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. a. onsistency b. depth c. width d. length e. composition Answer: aPage: 329Difficulty: Hard36. The ________ of the product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. a. width b. length c. depth d. consistency e. height Answer: bPage: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills37. In offering a product line, companies normally develop a ________ and modules that can be added to meet different customer requirements. a. convenience item b. â€Å"best selling† item c. staple item d. product e. basic platform Answer: ePage: 329Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 8. The ________ of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line. a. width b. length c. depth d. consistency e. height Answer: cPage: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills39. A company can classify its products into four types that yield different gross margins, depending upon sales volume and promotional costs. The four classifications include all EXCEPT ________. a. core product b. shopping goods c. staples d. specialties e. convenience items Answer: bPage: 330Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 40.The main point in segmenting products into different classes is that companies should recognize that these items ________ in the potential for being priced higher or advertised more as ways to increase sales, margins, or both. a. differ b. are more elastic c. are less elastic d. respond to advertising differently e. none of the above Answer: aPage: 330Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 41. A benefit of product mapping is that it identifies ________. a. market matrices b. target markets c. market segments d. consumers e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 330Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 2. Product-line analysis provides information for two key decision areas—product-line length and ________. a. product-length new items b. product-mix pricing c. product pricing d. popular pricing e. none of the above Answer: bPage: 331Difficulty: Hard43. ________ occurs when a company lengthens its product line beyond its current range. a. Market reach b. Product reach c. Product adaptations d. Line shrinking e. Line stretching Answer: ePage: 331Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 44. When a company positioned in the â€Å"middle† market introduces a lower-priced product line, this is an example of ________. . product-line length b. up-market stretch c. down-market stretch d. maintenance e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 331Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 45. Moving ________ carries risks. The new brand can cannibalize core brand sales and lower the core brand’s quality image. a. up-market b. two ways c. one way d. down-market e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 333Difficulty: Medium 46. Companies may wish to implement a(n) ________ to achieve more growth, to realize higher margins, or simply to position themselves as full-line manufacturers. a. up-market stretch . down-market stretch c. service-market stretch d. consulting-model stretch e. obsolescence strategy Answer: aPage: 333Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking47. A product line can also be lengthened by adding more items within the present range. There are several motives for line filling: ________, trying to satisfy dealers who complain about lost sales because of missing items in the line, trying to utilize excess capacity, and others. a. responding to senior management wishes b. responding to consumer wishes c. reaching for incremental profits d. eaching for incremental capacity e. responding to sales-force demands Answer: cPage: 334Difficulty: Hard 48. If line filling is overdone, it could result in ________ and customer confusion. a. sales paralysis b. manufacturing inefficiencies c. self-cannibalization d. self-sacrifice e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 334Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 49. Price-setting logic must be modified when the product is part of a product mix. In that case, the firm searches for a set of prices that ________ profits on the total mix. a. are ineffective on total b. ave no effect on total c. maximize d. minimize e. capitalize upon Answer: cPage: 335Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 50. Companies norma lly develop product lines rather than single products and require sellers to establish ________ quality differences between price steps within the line. a. imaginary b. actual c. perceived d. monetary e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 335Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking51. Some service firms often engage in ________, consisting of a fixed fee plus a variable usage fee. a. pure bundling b. pure pricing c. mixed pricing . captive pricing e. two-part pricing Answer: ePage: 336Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 52. In ________, the seller offers goods both individually and in bundles and often charges less for the â€Å"bundle† than for the individual products. a. pirating pricing b. captive pricing c. two-part pricing d. pure bundling e. mixed bundling Answer: ePage: 336Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 53. The main advantage of co-branding is that a product may be convincingly positioned by virtue of the ________ involved. a. branding synergy b. increas ed advertising dollars c. ultiple brands d. bundled package e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 337Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking54. The potential disadvantages of ________ are the risks and lack of control from becoming aligned with another brand in the consumers mind. Consumer expectations about the level of involvement and commitment are likely to be high, so unsatisfactory performance could be very negative for the brands involved. a. co-branding b. primary service features c. values d. perceptions e. pricing Answer: aPage: 337Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 55. _______ is a special case of co-branding involving creating brand equity for materials, components, or parts that are necessarily contained within other branded products. a. Component branding b. Ingredient branding c. Advertising branding d. Sales branding e. None of the above Answer: bPage: 337Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 56. We define packaging as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. This includes up to three levels of material: primary package, secondary package, and ________. a. retailer package b. design package c. shipping package d. consumer package e. one of the above Answer: cPage: 339Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills57. Various factors have contributed to the growing use of packaging as a marketing tool and include all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. self-service b. consumer affluence c. consumer influence d. company and brand images e. innovation opportunities Answer: cPage: 339Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 58. ________ are formal statements of expected product performance by the manufacturer. a. Insurance b. Warranties c. Guarantees d. Reputation e. Marketing statements Answer: bPage: 341Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills9. Many sellers offer either general or specific guarantees. Guarantees reduce the buyer’s ________ risk. a. actual b. perceived c. real d. implied e. stated Answer: bPage: 342Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 60. Guarantees are most effective in two situations. The first is when the company or products are not well known and the second is when the product’s quality is ________ to competition. a. not known b. different c. inferior d. equivalent e. superior Answer: ePage: 342Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking True/False 61. Product is the key element in the market offering.Answer: TruePage: 317Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 62. A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Answer: TruePage: 318Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 63. In planning its market offering, the marketer needs to address five product levels, each of which reduces customer value. Answer: FalsePage: 318Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 64. The customer-value hierarchy consists of the basic product, core benefit, expected product, augmented product, and the consumption system. Ans wer: FalsePage: 318Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 65.Marketers have traditionally classified products on the basis of characteristics such as durability, tangibility, and use. Answer: TruePage: 319Difficulty: Medium 66. Durable products normally require more personal selling and service and more seller guarantees than nondurable goods. Answer: TruePages: 319–320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 67. Because they are intangible, durable goods normally require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability than either services or nondurable goods. Answer: FalsePage: 320Difficulty: Medium 68. Carlos always buys bread and milk when he goes grocery shopping.In this case, bread and milk are examples o f impulse goods. Answer: FalsePage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 69. A Maserati sports car is considered a specialty good because interested buyers will travel far to buy one. Answer: TruePage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skill s 70. The homogeneity of natural materials limits the amount of demand-creation activity that producers undertake. Answer: TruePage: 321Difficulty: Medium 71. Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished products. Answer: TruePage: 321Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 72.Supplies can be classified as two kinds: maintenance and repair items and operating supplies. Answer: TruePage: 321Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 73. To be branded, physical products must be differentiated. Answer: TruePage: 321Difficulty: Easy 74. To avoid â€Å"feature fatigue,† companies must be careful to prioritize those features that are included and find unobtrusive ways to provide information about how consumers can use and benefit from the feature. Answer: TruePage: 322Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 75. Firms should design the highest performance level possible for their products.Answer: FalsePage: 322Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 76. As a selling point, durability commands a particularly high pricing premium, especially for products that are subject to rapid technological obsolescence, as are personal computers and video cameras. Answer: FalsePage: 323Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 77. Design can shift consumer perceptions to make brand experiences more rewarding. Answer: TruePage: 325Difficulty: Medium 78. If the physical product cannot be easily differentiated, the key to competitive advantage lies in the pricing of the related â€Å"services† provided by the manufacturer.Answer: FalsePage: 326Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 79. Customer training and customer consulting are two areas for service differentiation that manufacturers can use with their products. Answer: TruePage: 326Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 80. The cost of processing a return can be significantly greater than that of an outbound shipment. Answer: TruePage: 327Difficulty: HardAAC SB: Analytic Skills 81. The product hierarchy stretches from basic needs to particular items that satisfy those needs. Answer: TruePage: 328Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 82.A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a compatible manner and includes the product mix and product assortment. Answer: FalsePage: 328Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 83. The four product-mix dimensions (length, width, depth, consistency) permit the company to expand its business. Answer: TruePage: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 84. Factors that influence product-line length do NOT include company objectives or management aspirations. Answer: FalsePage: 331Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 85.Every company’s product line covers a certain part of the total possible range of products and consumer levels. Answer: TruePage: 331Difficulty: Hard 86. Companies in the â€Å"middle market† should never attempt to stretch their li ne in both directions. Answer: FalsePage: 333Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 87. Line filling, if overdone, may result in self-cannibalization and increased customer loyalty. Answer: FalsePage: 334Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 88. In the rapidly changing market of today’s world, product lines must be continuously updated or modernized.Answer: TruePage: 334Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 89. Price-setting logic must be modified when the product is part of a product mix. Answer: TruePage: 335Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 90. Companies normally develop product lines rather than a single product and introduce price steps such as a â€Å"low-,† â€Å"average-,† and â€Å"high-† priced computer system. Answer: TruePage: 335Difficulty: Medium 91. Manufacturers of systems such as razors and ink jet printers use a system of pricing called â€Å"two-part pricing†Ã¢â‚¬â€one price for the disposable products a nd another for the â€Å"hardware. † Answer: FalsePage: 336Difficulty: Hard 2. A pricing system in which there is a â€Å"fixed† fee and then a variable â€Å"usage† fee is called bundling. Answer: FalsePage: 336Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 93. Pure bundling occurs when a firm offers goods both individually and in bundles. Answer: FalsePage: 336Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 94. Co-branding is when two or more well-known existing brands are combined into a joint product and/or marketed together in some fashion. Answer: TruePage: 337Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 95. Ingredient branding can take on a form called â€Å"self-branding† in which the company advertises its own branded ingredients.Answer: TruePage: 338Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 96. Packaging is all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. Answer: TruePage: 339Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 97. Labels can identify t he product and must contain legal statements that under various Federal laws cannot be misleading, false, or deceptive. Answer: TruePage: 341Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 98. Warranties are formal statements of expected product performance by the manufacturer. Answer: TruePage: 341Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 99.A guarantee’s greatest contribution to a product’s success is that it decreases the buyer’s perceived risk in the purchase of the product. Answer: TruePage: 342Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 100. Guarantees are most effective when the product is well known and/or similar in performance to other brands in the market. Answer: FalsePage: 342Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking Essay 101. In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer-value hierarchy. Describe the â€Å"customer-value hierarchy† and identify the five levels of product contained ithin.Suggest ed Answer: Each layer adds more customer value, and the five levels are: (1) the core benefit—the service or benefit the customer is really buying; (2) the basic product—the actual product that provides the core benefit; (3) expected product—a set of attributes and conditions buyers normally expect when they purchase the product; (4) the augmented product—the marketer exceeds customer expectations; and (5) the potential product—which encompasses all the possible augmentations and transformations the product or offering might undergo in the future.These five elements constitute the buyers’ consumption system. Page: 318Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 102. The vast array of products that consumers buy can be classified on the basis of shopping habits and are broken down into four main areas. List these four main classifications of consumer goods and explain what elements are included within.Suggested Answer: The four main areas are: (1) Convenience goods are bought frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of effort; (2) shopping goods are goods that the consumer characteristically compares on such bases as suitability, quality, price, and style; (3) specialty goods have unique characteristics or brand identification for which a sufficient number of buyers are willing to make a special purchasing effort; and (4) unsought goods are those goods that the consumer does not know about or does not normally think of buying.Page: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 103. Industrial goods can be classified in terms of how they enter the production process and their relative costliness. Identify the three groups of industrial goods. Suggested Answer: The three groups of industrial goods include: (1) Materials and parts are goods that enter the manufacturer’s product completely. Raw materials (farm and natural products) and manufactured aterials and parts (component materials and component parts) compose this group; (2) Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished product, such as machinery (installations and equipment); and (3) Supplies and business services are short-term goods and services that facilitate developing or managing the finished product; maintenance and repair and operating supplies are included here. Business supplies include advisory services and other â€Å"services† necessary for the ongoing operation of the business.Pages: 320–321Difficulty: Hard 104. When differentiated, products can then be branded. List the possible ways that physical products can be differentiated. Suggested Answer: Products can be differentiated according to form, features, customization, performance quality, conformance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages: 321–323Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 105. When a physical product cannot easily be differentiated, the key to competitive success may li e in adding valued services and improving quality.Identify and discuss the six main service differentiators. Suggested Answer: The six main service differentiators are (1) ordering ease, (2) delivery, (3) installation, (4) customer training, (5) customer consulting, and (6) maintenance and repair. Pages: 326–327Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 106. Explain the concepts of product-line width, length, depth, and consistency. Suggested Answer: The width of a product mix refers to how many different product lines the company carries.The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line and is determined by dividing the total number of items by the number of lines. The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. Page: 329Difficulty: H ardAACSB: Analytic Skills 107. Explain the concept of line stretching and the three uses for it.Suggested Answer: Line stretching occurs when a company lengthens its product line beyond its current range. It includes down-market stretch (introduce a lower-priced line), up-market stretch (introduce an upscale line), or two-way stretch (introduce both an upscale line and a down-scale line). Pages: 331–333Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 108. Product-mix pricing can involve a number of pricing strategies for the brand manager. List each of these strategies and briefly define each.Suggested Answer: There are six situations involving product-mix pricing: (1) product-line pricing—low-, medium-, and high-priced products within the same line, such as different priced ties; (2) optional-feature pricing —charging for â€Å"extra† features, such as leather seats in a car; (3) captive-product pricing—when the â€Å"user† has no choice but to use t he high-priced â€Å"disposable† products that make the entire product work (for example, ink cartridges for printers); (4) two-part pricing—consisting of a fixed fee and a variable usage fee (cell phone usage); (5) by-product pricing—the price of the by-products of goods being used for other purposes (oil refining for example); and (6) product-bundling pricing—pure bundling when the firm offers its products only as a bundle, or mixed bundling when the firm offers its products as a â€Å"bundle† and/or individually. Pages: 335–337Difficulty: Hard 109. Various factors have contributed to the increased importance of packaging as a marketing tool. List and briefly describe these events.Suggested Answer: Self-service—an increasing number of products are being sold without any personal interaction, on a self-service basis. Consumer affluence —rising consumer affluence means consumers are willing to pay a little more for convenience, appearance, dependability, and prestige of better packages. Company and brand image—packages contribute to instant recognition of the company or brand. Innovation opportunity—innovative packaging can bring large benefits to consumers and profits to producers. Page: 339Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 110. Sellers must label their products. Labels serve many purposes beyond just â€Å"naming† the product.List the additional services provided by a product’s label. Suggested Answer: A label identifies the product; a label might also grade the product; a label might describe the product; and the label might promote the product. A label may contain information required by law. Page: 340Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking APPLICATION QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 111. Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes, he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow them to walk unobstruc ted. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? a. Pure tangible good b. Basic product c. Augmented product d. Potential product e.Consumption system Answer: bPage: 318Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 112. How a consumer shops for organic foods and how they use and dispose of the product is part of the consumers’ _________ that is important for marketers to consider. a. basic product system. b. customer value system c. potential system d. consumption system e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 319Difficulty: Medium 113. The sellers of ________ goods carry a wide assortment to satisfy individual tastes and must have well-trained salespeople to inform and advise customers. Examples include automobile dealers, furniture stores, and insurance services. a. unsought shopping goods . specialty shopping goods c. homogeneous shopping goods d. heterogeneous shopping goods e. none of the above Answer: dPage: 320Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills114. ___ _____ are major purchases and are usually bought directly from the producer with the typical sale preceded by long negotiation periods. a. Raw materials b. Materials and parts c. Business services d. Capital goods e. Installations Answer: ePage: 321Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 115. Most products are established at one of four performance levels: low, average, high, or superior. For example, mountain bikes come in a variety of sizes and physical attributes.When a consumer purchases a mountain bike costing $1,000, she/he expects the bike to perform to specifications and to have a high _________ meeting the promised specifications. a. features b. durability c. conformance quality d. performance quality e. reliability Answer: dPage: 322Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 116. If the Porsche 911 is designed to accelerate to 60 miles per hour within 10 seconds, and every Porsche 911 coming off the assembly line does this, the model is said to have high ________. a. re liability b. conformance quality c. durability d. repairability e. style Answer: bPage: 323Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 117.Realizing that although household products is a huge category, taking up an entire supermarket aisle or more, it is an incredibly boring one, the founders of Method Products designed a sleek, uncluttered dish soap container that also carried functional advantages. Method is competing in the crowded market for household products on the basis of superior ________. a. design b. durability c. conformance d. reliability e. performance quality Answer: aPage: 325Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 118. When Baxter Medical supplied their hospitals with computer terminals directly linked to Baxter’s ordering system, this was an example of a company differentiating itself versus competition in terms of ________. a. customer relationships b. customer training c. installation d. delivery ease e. ordering ease Answer: ePage: 326Difficulty: HardAA CSB: Reflective Thinking 119.Using the ________ level of the product hierarchy to market its soups, Campbell Soups feature the company name first, then the soup variety on their packaging. a. item b. product-type c. need-family d. product-family e. product-line Answer: ePage: 328Difficulty: Hard 120. A consumer products firm manufacturers and sells over 200 different sizes and varieties of jams and jellies. We can say that this manufacturer’s product mix has high ________. a. consistency b. depth c. height d. product assortment e. width Answer: bPage: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 121. Happy Home Products produces detergents, toothpaste, bar soap, disposable diapers, and paper products. This company has a product ________ of five lines. a. depth b. ength c. consistency d. height e. width Answer: ePage: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 122. When Jack bought his new laptop, he also bought a laptop bag and a spare power cord through the same retailer . These items are considered to be ________. a. core products b. staples c. convenience items d. specialties e. emergency items Answer: cPage: 330Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 123. A manufacturer of hiking boots looks at data that indicate that their subsegment of the market called â€Å"serious hiker† is declining and is predicted to decline into the future. The firm decides to enter the â€Å"low-price† segment with its new items.This is an example of a firm’s ________ to reach a new market. a. down-market stretch b. up-market stretch c. two-way stretch d. marketing research e. capitalizing Answer: aPage: 331Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 124. Marriott Corporation now contains hotels and motels from the â€Å"budget† end of the consumer spectrum to the â€Å"premium† end with their JD Marriott flagship locations. This is an example of a firm that successfully performed a ________ to reach more consumers and ventures that are more profitable. a. marketing diversification b. two-way stretch c. up-market stretch d. down-market stretch e. cross-stretch Answer: bPage: 333Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 125.When shopping for tires for your automobile, you notice that the manufacturer you have selected has tires for your car priced low, average, and high, based upon performance and features. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. Captive-price pricing b. Product-line pricing c. By-product pricing d. Two-part pricing e. Optional-feature pricing Answer: bPage: 335Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 126. Purchasers of theatre tickets receive a 20% discount if they purchase and pay for the full season at one time. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. Mixed bundling b. Pure bundling c. Cross-promotion d. Captive pricing e. None of the above Answer: aPage: 336Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 127.McDonald’s restaurants inside Super Wal-Mar ts and Starbucks inside Super Targets are examples of ________, whose main advantages are that the products can or may be convincingly positioned by virtue of the associated brands. a. cooperative marketing b. co-branding c. retail co-branding d. ingredient branding e. none of the above Answer: cPage: 337Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 128. Betty Crocker cake mixes using Hershey syrup in its cake mixes and â€Å"Lunchables† lunch combinations with Taco Bell tacos are examples of what special type of branding? a. Mixed branding b. Ingredient co-branding c. Co-branding d. Self-branding e. None of the above Answer: bPages: 337–338Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 129.Sales of luxury goods such as perfumes, colognes, and aftershaves depend heavily upon their initial response by the consumer. A well-designed package can create convenience and promotional value. It has been called the â€Å"silent salesman. † Which of the three levels of packaging is this â€Å"silent salesman†? a. Retailer b. Consumer c. Shipping d. Secondary e. Primary Answer: ePage: 339Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 130. A new product is advertised on the â€Å"infomercials† as being â€Å"the best cleaner money can buy† and â€Å"if not completely satisfied, return the product for a full refund, including shipping. † The strategy of using a strong guarantee in this instance is sound because ________. a. t is an example of a misleading or false advertising and is illegal b. the product is so superior to competition that there will be no claims for refunds c. it is just â€Å"advertising fluff† and the manufacturer has no intentions of refunding money d. for a product that is not too well known, it is â€Å"good advertising† because the claims will be a small percentage of sales e. for a product that is not too well known it reduces the buyer’s risk in purchasing Answer: ePage: 342Difficulty: Me diumAACSB: Reflective Thinking Short Answer 131. A manufacturer is contemplating introducing a product that is inferior to its competition in its performance, design, and functionality.However, the manufacturer believes that â€Å"good brand marketing† can overcome these shortfalls. Why is this thinking incorrect? Suggested Answer: At the heart of a great brand is a great product, the product is a key element in the market offering. Customers will judge the product (offering) on three basic elements: product features and quality; services mix and quality, and price. Not having a competitive product cannot be overcome by marketing. Pages: 317–318Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 132. Studying how consumers shop, how they use a particular product or service, and how they dispose of the product when consumed is important for marketers. This information forms the basis of product strategy.First, define the consumption system and second, identify the two upcoming p roduct strategies that are affected by this knowledge. Suggested Answer: This is called the user’s total consumption system, defined as the way the user performs the tasks of getting and using products and related services. This is important because it will contain information useful in the product-augmentation strategy and the potential product strategy. Page: 319Difficulty: Hard 133. You know that marketers have traditionally classified products based on characteristics of durability, tangibility, and use. You also know that each product type has an appropriate marketing-mix strategy attached.In analyzing your company’s products, you decide to list each of these products and the appropriate marketing-mix strategy to understand where your products â€Å"fit. † List these products and their appropriate marketing-mix strategies. Suggested Answer: (1) Nondurable goods—the appropriate strategy is to make them available in many locations, charge only a small markup, and advertise heavily to induce trial and build preference. (2) Durable goods—tangible goods that normally survive many uses. Durable products normally require more personal selling and service, command a higher margin, and require more seller guarantees. (3) Services—intangible, inseparable, variable, and perishable products. They require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability.Pages: 319–320Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 134. Convenience goods, products purchased without much thought, can be classified as impulse goods and emergency goods, and this constitutes one of the four classifications of goods based on shopping habits. The purchase of a Mercedes automobile, life insurance, homogeneous shopping goods, and heterogeneous shopping goods are examples of the other classifications. Identify these â€Å"goods† classifications or segments. Suggested Answer: The vast array of goods purchased by consumers can be clas sified as convenience goods, shopping goods (homogeneous and heterogeneous), specialty goods, and unsought goods. Page: 320Difficulty: Easy 135.Industrial-goods classifications based on terms of how the products enter the production process and their relative costs include such segments as materials and parts and capital items. Window cleaning services, consumable office supplies, personal computers, desks, paint, nails, and buckets are included in the classifications of industrial goods. List the other â€Å"classifications† including subclassifications for industrial goods. Suggested Answer: Industrial-goods classifications include material and parts, farm products, natural products, manufactured materials and parts, and component parts. Capital goods include installations and equipment.Supplies and business services include maintenance and repair items, operating supplies, and business advisory services. Pages: 320–321Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 136. In y our position as a marketing manager for a small industrial company, you have been asked by the president to help differentiate the company’s product from its competitors. In reviewing your marketing management notes, you note that the text stated that physical products could be differentiated in nine ways. These nine areas comprise the â€Å"meat† of the memo you are writing to the president of your firm. What are the nine ways that physical products can be differentiated?Suggested Answer: The nine ways that physical products can be differentiated are form, features, customization, performance quality, conformance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages: 321–323Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 137. You know that your small firm cannot compete with the â€Å"big boys† in terms of price and promotion. Instead, you have decided to â€Å"outdesign† them. What is necessary for this strategy of â€Å"outdesigning themâ⠂¬  to succeed? Suggested Answer: Design offers a potent way to differentiate and position a company’s products and services. Design is the factor that will often give a company its competitive edge. Design is the totality of features that affect how a product looks and functions in terms of customer requirements.The designer must figure out how much to invest in form, feature development, performance, conformance, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. To the company, a well-designed product is one that is easy to manufacture and distribute. To the consumer, a well-designed product is one that is pleasant to look at and easy to open, install, use, repair, and dispose of. Page: 325Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 138. As the marketing manager for a product often referred to as a â€Å"commodity,† you know that incremental sales and profits lies not in physical differentiation but in â€Å"service† differentiation. As you compose a memo to your boss regarding the concept of â€Å"service† differentiation, you note the six areas where service differentiation can make a difference.List these six areas for service differentiation. Suggested Answer: The main service differentiators are: ordering ease, delivery, installation, customer training, customer consulting, and maintenance and repair. Pages: 326–327Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Analytic Skills 139. You have been asked to create a product system for your company’s personal digital assistant. Before starting, you must define the term â€Å"product system† to the engineers to enable them to start design and production of the aligned items. Define the concept of a â€Å"product system. † Suggested Answer: A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a compatible manner. Page: 328Difficulty: Easy 140.You have been asked to prepare a product-line analysis for your company’s stable of products. Why is it imp ortant for product-line mangers to do a product-line analysis? Suggested Answer: Product-line managers need to know the sales and profits of each item in their line in order to determine which items to build, maintain, harvest, or divest. They also need to understand each product line’s market profile. Page: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 141. How do the four product-mix dimensions (width, length, depth, and consistency) affect a firm’s product and corporate strategies? Suggested Answer: These four product-mix dimensions permit the company to expand its business in four different ways.First, it can add new product lines, thus widening its product mix. Second, it can lengthen each product line. It can add more product variants to each product line and deepen its product mix. Finally, a company can pursue more product-line consistency. Page: 329Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Reflective Thinking 142. As the newest member of the marketing department, your immediate boss asks you to comment on the company’s proposal to add two new shoes to the company’s middle-of-the-road pricing and product-line strategies. The first pair will retail for $ 40. 00 and has as its target market the â€Å"bargain† shopper. The second pair will retail for $ 200. 00 and is targeted at the â€Å"sophisticated shopper. In relation to product-line strategy, what is the company trying to accomplish with these two new items? Suggested Answer: This is an example of the company trying a â€Å"two-way stretch†Ã¢â‚¬â€introducing products at both ends of the consumer market simultaneously. Page: 333Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills143. During a meeting, you were asked by the vice-president of marketing, to comment on the company’s pricing strategy for its products. Recalling your marketing management course in college, your comments define the six situations involving product-mix pricing. List these six product-mix pricing strategie s. Suggested Answer: Product-mix pricing includes product-line pricing, ptional-feature pricing, captive-product pricing, two-part pricing, by-product pricing, and product-bundling pricing. Pages: 335–336Difficulty: Medium 144. Your firm is contemplating a bundling strategy for its line of products. In a memo to your boss, you outline the three guidelines for correctly implementing a building strategy. Suggested Answer: Do not promote individual products in a package as frequently and cheaply as the bundle. Second, limit promotions to a single item in the mix if you still want to promote individual products. Third, if you decide to offer large rebates on individual products, it must be the absolute exception and done with discretion. Page: 337Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 145.As the marketing manager for your firm, you have been approached by your key component manufacturer suggesting that your two firms â€Å"ingredient brand† a new item. What are some of the requirements for succeeding in ingredient branding? Suggested Answer: First, the consumer must perceive that the ingredient matters to the performance and success of the product. Secondly, consumers must be convinced that not all ingredient brands are the same and that the ingredient is superior. Third, a distinctive symbol or logo must clearly signal to consumers that the host product contains the ingredient. Fourth, a coordinated â€Å"pull† and â€Å"push† program must help consumers understand the importance and advantages of the branded ingredient.Page: 339Difficulty: HardAACSB: Reflective Thinking 146. Your research shows that over 53% of all purchases are made on impulse. As you sit down with your packaging design team, you tell them that the package must communicate many of the sales tasks. List the sales tasks that packaging must now incorporate due to the increase in self-service sales. Suggested Answer: These tasks are: attract attention, describe the produ ct’s features, create consumer confidence, and make a favorable overall impression. Page: 339Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills 147. In discussions with the packaging design team, you note that they do not have a firm design objective for the final package.In an internal memo to your boss, you outline the objectives (both company and consumer orientated) that you wish to see implemented by the design team. List these objectives. Suggested Answer: The objectives of packaging are to identify of the brand; convey descriptive and persuasive information; facilitate product transportation and protection; assist at-home storage; and aid product consumption. Pages: 339–340Difficulty: HardAACSB: Analytic Skills 148. In discussions with the packaging design team, it seems that they are unclear as to what should be included on the final product (consumer package) packaging. You list these objectives in a memo. List these objectives here. Suggested Answer: Labels must first identify the product or brand; the label might also grade the product.The label should describe the product and promote the product; and finally the label must contain all required government information. Pages: 340–341Difficulty: Medium 149. Your service firm is contemplating adding a â€Å"guarantee† component. Members of senior management are unclear as to the marketing advantages of a guarantee. How would you convince members of senior management that a guarantee can provide a marketing advantage? Suggested Answer: Guarantees reduce the buyer’s perceived risk. They suggest that the service/product is of high quality and that the company and its service performance are dependable. Page: 342Difficulty: EasyAACSB: Reflective Thinking 150. As you contemplate the introduction of your company’s newest services, ou think that the offering of a service guarantee would be a â€Å"marketing coup† and completely surprise your competition. You remember tha t your marketing management text stated that guarantees are most effective in two situations. What are these two situations? Suggested Answer: Guarantees are most effective when either the company or the product is not well known, so a â€Å"money-back† guarantee in that case would reduce the buyer’s perceived risk and provide them with confidence in purchasing the product. The second area is when the product/service is superior to competition in quality and performance. Page: 342Difficulty: MediumAACSB: Analytic Skills